Understanding PCOS: What You Need to Know

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent hormonal condition affecting 6–13% of reproductive-aged women. It’s the most common cause of infertility and carries serious long-term risks like diabetes, heart disease, sleep apnea, and certain cancers.

Whether you're newly diagnosed or suspect you might have PCOS, this guide breaks down the essentials—from symptoms to treatment.

An illustration showing a normal and a polycystic ovary

What Is PCOS?

PCOS isn’t just about ovarian cysts. It’s a hormonal imbalance affecting:

• Ovary function: Follicles often fail to mature and release eggs—leading to irregular or absent periods.

• Hormone levels: Elevated androgens (like testosterone) + insulin resistance throw off signals from LH and FSH.

• Risk factors: Family history, environment, and body weight play a role 

Common Symptoms to Watch For

Symptoms vary widely. You might experience just one—or all. Common signs include:

• Irregular or missed periods

• Excess facial/body hair (hirsutism)

• Acne (especially around the jawline)

• Thinning scalp hair

• Fatigue & sugar cravings

• Difficulty losing belly weight

• Difficulty getting pregnant

Still, everyone’s journey is unique—and that’s normal.

How PCOS Is Diagnosed

The Rotterdam criteria require 2 of 3:

1. Irregular or absent periods

2. Signs of high androgens (clinically or via bloodwork)

3. Polycystic-looking ovaries on ultrasound

Ovarian cysts are not required for diagnosis of PCOS, if you meet the other two criteria. Labs might additionally be performed to help rule out conditions like thyroid issues, elevated prolactin, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, or Cushing’s .

PCOS & Fertility: What You Should Know

A woman holding an ultrasound image confirming early pregnancy

Yes—you can get pregnant with PCOS, but because ovulation is unpredictable, that’s often the challenge. Even a 5% weight loss can boost ovulation and fertility .

Helpful interventions include:

• Weight loss

• Medications like clomiphene or letrozole

• Metformin or other insulin-sensitizing drugs

Lifestyle First: The Foundation of PCOS Care

Lifestyle changes are surprisingly effective:

✅ Weight loss (for those with overweight/obesity)

✅ Balanced eating—think nutritious whole foods

✅ Regular movement—cardio + strength

✅ Stress, sleep, and emotional support

Studies show lifestyle tweaks improve menstrual cycles and ovulation—but acne and hair changes may take longer. Patience is key.

Medication: When Lifestyle Isn’t Enough

Medications are personalized. Options include:

• Hormonal treatments—like birth control to regulate cycles and reduce acne/hirsutism

• Insulin sensitizers—e.g., metformin; newer therapies like GLP1 agonists may also be used

• Fertility drugs—clomiphene or letrozole for ovulation induction

Treatment depends on your goals—pregnancy versus symptom control—with a plan tailored just

for you.

Long-Term Health & Emotional WellBeing

PCOS isn’t just about periods—it raises your risk for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea, and certain cancers .

Mental health matters too: anxiety and depression are common. Hormonal shifts, inflammation, and everyday symptom stresses take a toll. Treating your emotional health is just as vital.

Final Thoughts

If you recognize yourself here—whether diagnosed or curious—know this: help and hope exist. From lifestyle shifts to medications, a personalized plan can improve cycles, fertility, and overall health.

Navigate PCOS with confidence—knowledge is power.

Love this info? Head over to my YouTube channel for deeper dives.

💬 Want regular updates? Subscribe to my newsletter—delivered straight to your inbox.